Collins, Wilkie

Wilkie Collins
8 January 1824 - 23 September 1889

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British writer of novels, short fiction, and drama, Collins (a good friend of Charles Dickens) is best known for his mystery/suspense novels, particularly The Woman in White [1860] and The Moonstone [1868], works which make very effective use of post-Gothic atmospherics and tropes (insanity, mistaken identity, drugs, imprisonment, stolen inheritance, family intrigues and vengeance, among others); the latter work is often regarded as the first true detective novel, though of course Edgar Allan Poe created the genre with his tales of ratiocination. Collins, whose popularity waxed and waned during his lifetime and who, like Samuel Taylor Coleridge, struggled with addiction to laudanum, also wrote a number of good supernaturalist tales, usually featuring his enduring interest in fate. Although in most respects a "typical" Victorian - and one whose works clearly spoke to a large swath of mainstream Victorian society - Collins was atypically Victorian in his domestic arrangments: in addition to what you'll learn from my note to "Miss Jéromette and the Clergyman" below, it's also the case that Collins had a second mistress, with whom he fathered three children. His first mistress, who left him to marry another man when Collins refused to marry her, later rejoined the Collins household. Collins was the son of the well-known painter William Collins (of whom he wrote a biography), and dabbled in painting himself; he was also a lawyer, although he never practiced.

Sites:
Wilkie Collins Overview
A rich resource of WilkieInfo: biographical essay, contextual and critical discussions, and more. [Victorian Web]
The Wilkie Collins Pages
Links, bibliography, etexts [Paul Lewis]
Wilkie Collins Site
Links to a large number of Collins sites. [Mitsuharu Matsuoka, Nagoya U]
Wilkie Collins Appreciation Page
[David Grigg]
Wilkie Collins Information Pages
Loads of good Collins info here: links, etexts, chronology, genealogy, and more. [Andrew gasson]
Biographical note
[The Authors Calendar]
Brief biographical note
[Wikipedia]
Brief biographical note
[Columbia Encyclopedia, Bartleby.com]
Brief biographical note a LitGothic etext
[John W. Cousins, A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature, 1910]
Collins Hyper-Concordance
Part of the The Victorian Literary Studies Archive, this concordance allows you to search a large number of etexts by Collins.
Bibliography
[FantasticFiction]
Portraits
[National Portrait Gallery, London]
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Etexts:
Armadale [1866] (PDF)
A characteristically complex novel, this time featuring the workings of fate, a curse, a twisted doctor and a disturbingly wicked woman - a bad combination if you're on the losing side.... [Graham Law, Waseda U]

"Blow Up with the Brig" [1859]
Another of Collins' "predicament" stories, and while it's certainly an enjoyable read, it's not possible (in my humble) to claim that it outdoes the greatest predicament tale of them all, Edgar Allan Poe's "The Pit and the Pendulum."
- at BlackMask

"Brother Griffith's Story of Mad Monkton" [1855]
a.k.a. "Mad Monkton"; first published as "The Monkstons of Wincot Abbey"
- as part of The Queen of Hearts, a Project Gutenberg etext (835K); use your browser's search function to locate.

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"Brother Morgan's Story of the Dream-Woman"
a.k.a "The Dream Woman" [1855]; first published as "The Ostler".
- at Mitsuharu Matsuoka's site (54K)
- as part of The Queen of Hearts, a Project Gutenberg etext (835K); use your browser's search function to locate it (don't forget the hyphen in "Dream-Woman").
- also available in its revised, expanded version, entitled "The Dream Woman: A Mystery in Four Narratives," as part of Stories by Modern English Authors, a Project Gutenberg etext (727K; zipped version 273K ); use your browser's search function.

The Haunted Hotel [1878]
More melodrama, fate, mystery, and a haunted castle — quintessential Wilkie...

"Miss Jéromette and the Clergyman" [1875]
a.k.a. "The Clergyman's Confession"
-->Another Victorian story involving the Law, guilt, and the supernatural; as such, it compares nicely to Charles Dickens' "To Be Taken with a Grain of Salt." But this one offers an interesting twist, one that reflects not quite so positively on the Law...
-->This is also another Collins story that makes use of a real-life incident that clearly meant much to Collins: on a walk one evening, Collins and his companions (his brother Charles and the noted painter John Everett Millais) heard a piercing scream from a nearby house, from which a young woman ran, pausing momentarily in front of them before disappearing into the night. Collins followed, never rejoining his companions that night. When he met them the next day, he said almost nothing about the incident. Yet this woman is widely believed (on the authority of Charles Dickens' daughter Kate, who ought to know since she married Wilkie's brother Charles) to be the married Caroline Graves, with whom Collins lived - in defiance of Victorian codes of propriety - for years. An incident very much like this dramatic encounter opens The Woman in White, and a variant of it opens "Miss Jéromette and the Clergyman." While Collins certainly had other sources for both of these works, there seems little doubt this incident had life-long resonance for Collins. Of further psycho-biographical interest, given the occupations pursued by the narrator of this tale, and how/why he exchanges one career for another, is the fact Wilkie Collins disappointed his father by not becoming a clergyman; he instead, as noted above, studied for the Law.
- at BlackMask (51K)
- at Victorian Ghost Stories (51K) [Mitsuharu Matsuoka]

"Mr. Percy and the Prophet" [1877] (113K)  [James Rusk]
 
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Little Novels [1887]
This collection contains the following Gothic tales:
"Mrs. Zant and the Ghost"
"Miss Jeromette and the Clergyman"
"Mr Percy and the Prophet"
- the entire text of Little Novels is also available from Project Gutenberg; use your browser's search function to locate the tales listed above.

"A Terribly Strange Bed" [Mitsuharu Matsuoka, Nagoya U]
Another Collins contribution to the subgenre of the "predicament tale," most famously represented by Poe's "The Pit and the Pendulum" (and don't forget William Mudford's "The Iron Shroud.")

The Two Destinies. A Romance  [1876]   buy this book at amazon.com
Another of Collins' "fate" stories.
- at Project Gutenberg   (513K)
- at Online Literature Library (Table of Contents)

The Woman in White [1860]
--> See my note above to "Miss Jéromette and the Clergyman." It's also worth noting that this novel, hugely popular in its lifetime (spawning "Woman in White" bonnets and perfume, among other merchandise), used a narrative technique that may well have influenced the famous Gothic-tradition masterpieces Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde and, especially, Dracula, both of which feature "composite" narratives, stories told by the stringing together of information from a number of different sources: letters, journal entries, newspaper clippings, wills — even, in the case of The Woman in White, an epitaph. While obviously there are literary precedents (think of Mary Shelley's Frankenstein, or the epistolary novels so popular in the C18), Collins may have been influential in bringing this technique into prominence in the later C19. For one thing, it fit with the Victorian priviledging of rationalism and empiricism; for another, it resonated with the Victorian fascination with sensational trials, which formed the basis of innumerable chapbooks and novels. Collins himself was struck with the novelistic potential of using various narrative voices when he attended a trial in London in 1856 and noted how the spectators became increasingly interested as each succeeding witness took the stand. The Woman in White, while its opening incident may have come directly from Collins' own life (see above), is also deeply indebted to Collins' reading about a French court case in an old volume of trial proceedings he bought in Paris. The Woman in White has been filmed a number of times, as has The Moonstone
-->Collins, who wrote several plays during his life and performed in semi-professional theatricals with Charles Dickens, also dramatized The Woman in White in 1871.
- at Bibliomania [ToC]
- at Litrix [ToC]
- at Project Gutenberg [entire text, 1.4MB]; zipped version [558K]
- see also The Woman in White website for an etext, reviews, and more [Stephen Bray]


Books:
Some of Collins's mystery and supernaturalist tales may be found in Dover's Tales of Terror and the Supernatural, edited by Herbert Van Thal.


Essays and Reviews:
[Wilkie Collins and Sensation Fiction]
A good discussion, which touches on some of the supernaturalist tales, of one of the masters of mystery and sensation fiction. [A Guide to Classic Mystery and Detection, Michael E. Grost]
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"Wilkie Collins."